Light Infantry Of Ancient Greece Essays - Infantry, Peltast, Hoplite

Light Infantry Of Ancient Greece For a long time peace was understood in negative fashion, simply as the absence of war. -Yvon Garlan Kendrick Pritchett in the introduction to the book The Greek State at War points out that in order to write history of Greek Warfare one would require a knowledge of many aspects of Greek life. The would-be investigator would have to be familiar with terrain in the case of any given battle, have an acquaintance with the archaeological artifacts of various types, close familiarity with the written sources, and most important, an understanding of the general economic picture. He would also need some insight into ancient religion and acquaintance with military and naval procedures and strategy. There is a definite truth about the statement. Even such narrow subject as development of light infantry in ancient Greece requires inquiries in multiple areas of overall Greek history. The knowledge of what ancient Greeks considered light infantry, an insight on development of ancient Greek infantry in general, agricultural warfare, key historical event that assisted in changing Greek outlook on war: these areas are absolutely essential in researching the subject of light infantry in Ancient Greece. Researching the primary sources for the subject of light infantry an investigator would find a puzzling fact; there are little or no references to the subject of inquiry. Ancient historians Thucydides, Xenophon, Herodotus, do not refer to light infantry troops, instead they use term peltast. It appears that the term peltast signifies a light armored warrior for the ancient historians. The term itself comes from pelta or pelte - a small shield that inhabitants of Thrace used as their battle armor. We find descriptions of Thracian peoples in Herodotus The Histories. The Thracians in the army wore fox-skin caps on their heads, and tunics on their bodies; over these they wore embroidered mantles; they had shoes of fawnskin on their feet and legs; they also had javelins and little shields and daggers. Climate in Thrace, both political and weather wise contributed to development of specific armor (or lack of it) and way of fighting. Ancient Greek historian Xenophon had served under Odrysian prince Seuthes in Thrace and recorded one of the campaigns in his treaties Anabasis. From the description, Thrace appears to be very cold and snowy which is not uncommon for northern parts of Greece. It also explains why Thracian peltasts had no heavy armor, relied on maneuverability and preferred skirmishing techniques to battle in formation. Also, there is no account of Thrace developing a city-state or any other kind of political organization other than tribes. Which explains predominance of primitive way of fighting over organized formation. Arthur Ferrill argues that although there definitely was a contact between ancient Greeks and Thracians, it had little or no affect on Greek warfare in general. This point is arguable, since there is evidence (mostly pottery, unfortunately) that Thracian shield and helmet designs were used by Greeks from 460 BC and on. Also the appearance of ekdromoi - runner outs in Greek phalanx, was probably a result of contact with Thracians. Ekdromoi were young, physically fit warriors that were instructed to run out and prevent Thracian peltasts from harassing Greek formation. Consequently, ekdromoi had to give up some of their heavy armor to gain in maneuverability. Considering evidence in hand, Ferrills argument appears to be more plausible since history shows that it would take much more than skirmishes with Thracians to change Greek outlook on war and fighting. Agricultural warfare, Greek Hoplites. Placing light infantry on the battlefield by the ancient Greeks signified the change in general Greek way of fighting. Roughly, general way of fighting is associated with hoplite phalanx warfare. Understanding hoplite warfare is essential in uncovering the origins of light infantry aside from it setting the pace of Greek life for almost five hundred years. Sometime between 700 BC and 650 BC formation of heavy infantry or hoplites began to take place. The changes took place primarily due to social and political developments within Greece itself, appearance of polis, Greek city-state and extensive agriculture, which created communities of equal property owners. It is plausible to assume that Greek farmers out of concern that somebody would traverse their land began to arm themselves, farmer solidarity

Chinese Censorship Block Chinese People from Creativity

Chinese Censorship Block Chinese People from Creativity Introduction Internet has been one of the global most popular sources of information. Its extensiveness in terms of geographical coverage has, for instance, been facilitated by its cheaper cost and developments in technologies. In china an estimate of three hundred and seventy million people are believed to be using the internet.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese Censorship Block Chinese People from Creativity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has however been a lot of limitation in accessing internet information in the country because the government has moved in to regulate internet usage through censorship. This paper seeks to discuss the censorship issue in China and how it affects creativity of the Chinese people. The paper will look into the history of internet usage in the country, the censorship, effects of the censorship on people’s creativity and the war against government censorsh ip of internet usage in china. History of internet in china The first application of the internet which was realized through sending an email occurred in China in the year 1987. A series of developments then followed with initiatives from private institutions and government agencies to venture more into the internet technology. By the following year, Tsinghua University is reported to have started offering email services. With the development of the country’s first browser in the year 1994 and subsequent move by the government to â€Å"provide internet accessing services† in the year 1996, the use of the technology began to develop in the country (Enhai 6). The number of internet users then started increasing in the country from less than a million in the year 1997 to reach almost seventy million in middle of 2003. The increasing trend has since continued and is almost reaching four hundred million by now (Enhai 16). The history of regulation of the internet usage in t he country is reported to have been simultaneously developed with the establishment and development of internet in the country. The government has since the introduction of the technology in the country moved to regulate the way in which its citizens use the internet. The move is applied by denying citizens access to some websites and restricting access to others. This move has been facilitated by the country’s legislations that have left internet companies with little options in the country. Calls have however been made to the companies to unite and fight the government’s censorship move (James 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internet censorship in China The move by the government to regulate the internet has been identified as a step to protect itself from fears. Some of these fears are related to the government’s past actions while other s are with respect to the forces that citizens can exert against the government. It is with respect to these reasons that the Chinese government moves to restrict any form of information that is believed to have the capacity to facilitating these threats. Websites or even mail transactions that are suspected to carry such information are therefore either blocked or restricted. Specifications have been made to past actions by the government and information that relates to â€Å"Dalai Lama, the 1989 crackdown on Tiananmen square protestors, Falun Gong, the banned spiritual movement and other internet sites† (New York Times 1) as elements that receives censorship. Such stiff regulations that are also dependent on global temperatures that are believed to have the capacity to influence the Chinese people still do exist. One of the most recent heightened censorship was realized in the first quarter of the year 2011 at the wake of revolutionary protests that was felt in the Arab wor ld (New York Times para. 2). Following these occurrences, the government of China increased its surveillance over communications by the Chinese people. Communications through emails and even access to the internet was greatly monitored to avert any fear of anti government protests in the country (New York Times para. 2). The government has been achieving its censorship move through interception of information that is not trusted, according to the government’s standards. The interception is then followed by blocking the information or the site if the government’s fears are significantly triggered. It is, for example, noted that Gmail services were disrupted by the Chinese government following anti government protests that were realized in Africa and the Middle East in the year 2011 (New York Times para. 4). Actions such as blocking sites that contained the word â€Å"freedom† were also realized in the country in the year 2010 and 2011 (New York Times para. 4). Th e censorship move was stepped up in around the year 2008 with ensuring that each internet provider company employ a team whose work is to ensure that information with particular content are not posted on their web pages. This was then followed by a move to ban social internet sites such as Facebook and Twiter.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese Censorship Block Chinese People from Creativity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another move that started as a regulatory measure over websites that published considerably immoral content such as pornography was later modified to include regulations on information with political contents. In this move, â€Å"online discussion forums, instant message groups, and even cell phone text messages in which political and other sensitive issues were discussed received a level of censorship by the government† (New York Times para. 7). Chinese legislations over cen sorship The censorship of communication system in China has been developed on two bases. One of the bases is a set of legislations that have been approved to govern the country’s communication systems while the other basis is being fueled by government forces with the aim of protecting their interest in power. As a result, government forces and influence has used means some of which are not constitutional to ensure that the media is properly contained to guarantee the security of those that are in power. Most of the government censorship measures that are not backed by the country’s constitution are normally done in secret and covered or if exposed to the public, are manipulated and backed by the country’s legal systems. Some of the major legislations that allows for the censorship of the internet and other media in the country are the â€Å"measures on the administration of internet information services and the provisions on the administration of internet news and information services† (Feng 1). The two regulations were enacted in the year 2000 and 2005 respectively. The measure on administration act, for example, provides that the state reserves the authority to grant permission to any internet provider company in the country. Once allowed to operate in the country, the companies are subject to â€Å"prior review and approval and specialized review and approval of the information that they provide to internet users† (Feng 1). Under these provisions, the government reserves authority which it can use to intimidate the internet companies as they seek permission to venture into the country’s market. Subsequent provision of the act that gives the government, through its agencies, powers to censor any internet information that is deemed to be â€Å"harmful† also renders unchecked powers to the government over its regulation of internet companies. With no clear definition of what constitutes harmful information or t he extent to which a piece of information should be considered harmful, the government is at liberty to pronounce an article to be harmful especially if it reveals information that is not favorable to the government. This act therefore gives the Chinese government powers to infringe on the rights of both citizens and the internet companies over expression and information (Feng 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The regulations on administration act also have a lot of impacts on the internet services. The necessity of operational permits to internet companies has also played a role in giving the government powers to control the companies. This is due to the intimidating aspects of possible cancellation of permits in case of failure by a company to comply with the demands of the government over the regulation of the internet. The definition of information about the government which includes political news and information of economic content among other category of information classifies almost all aspects of news into government regulation. Diversification of the act over the definition of â€Å"harmful information† also restricts the internet companies over the nature of information that they are free to publish without facing censorship from the government. Internet companies are also subjected to evaluation by government agencies that allows for their continuous operations. Failure by a company to abide by the needs of the government as pertains to the restrictions thus risks a company’s deregistration on the basis of disqualifications over evaluations. Owing to these regulations, the internet companies are forced to resort to self censorship and even yield to cases of government’s censorship in order to be allowed to operate in the country (Feng 1). Response of the Chinese people to the censorship The Chinese people have registered mixed reactions over the government’s moves that have over time censored the internet. When Google Company was on the verge of pulling out of the Chinese internet market, it had a supportive base from individuals and parties that felt that the government’s move to restrict internet was uncalled for. This was reflected in the level of disappointment that this group felt when Google gave in to work under the government’s censorship program. It is reported that censorship of the Chinese based Google was for example realized during one of the anniversaries of â€Å"the June 4, 1989 Tiananmen square massacre† leading to a public outcry (MacKinnon 63). It was actually argued that the blockage of the internet service provider was due to the complaint that was widely raised by people. According to MacKinnon Rebecca, â€Å"people responded with anger, directed primarily to whoever was creating the blockage† (MacKinnon 63) and many people and even groups were reported to have made public attacks to the party that was responsible for such actions (MacKinnon 63). Animated internet postings that were labeled â€Å"the person who makes it impossible to access Google† (MacKinnon 63) were also common responses at the time. The people at the same time blamed Google for not being strong enough to oppose the government regulatory measures that they considered to be unfair. It can therefore be perceived that there are a number of Chinese people who are not happy with such censorship. Individuals such as Xiaobo Liu have occasionally come out to openly criticize the government censorship and internet companies that have cooperated with the government in its internet regulation. A good example was his verbal attack on Yahoo following its â€Å"political cooperation with the Chinese police† (MacKinnon 41). Though there have been forces in the country striving to make success in opposing the government’s role in censoring internet access in the country, a majority of the population, especially the younger generation, are reported to not be concerned with the governments move to censor the internet. This is specifically because this population does not feel the difference between a censored and a free internet due to the lost history of the country which has been partially achieved by the government’s move to regulate information that is passed to the public. The government has used its powers to only allow for access to history that i s favorable to it thus creating a positive influence. A majority of the Chinese have therefore come to believe that their government has every good reason to censor the internet. This may have been facilitated by the government propaganda over the internet (Zhang and Zheng 11). The cost of Chinese internet censorship With the development of internet technology, educational and general learning set ups were facilitated and developed to give wider opportunities for explorations into topics of interest. It is also through such explorations that individuals and group can develop creativity. The move to censor internet which has been identified to be the cheapest and most readily available source of information, which include intellectual information, can therefore be seen to hinder developments and innovation through disempowering people. An unrestricted internet system for example has tools that can allow for online learning, research experimentations and innovations. The move by the g overnment to limit access to these facilities therefore restricts innovative creativity among Chinese citizens (Internet 1). A move to censor the internet has limitations to the benefits that can be achieved from such elements as globalization and advanced technology. These restrictions therefore limit exposure of the Chinese people to the developments that are undertaken outside the country. Information on political, economical and even social developments in other parts of the world is therefore either not available to the Chinese people or is only availed in limited extents. This is because of one of the governments intentions of shielding the Chinese people from external influences that can negatively affect their opinion over their government. Creativity in the country will with this respect be restricted to their environment that has over time been explored before. As a result, there will be fewer chances of creativity into new developments that can be realized outside the cou ntry’s cultural and environmental factors. Limiting people’s exposure to technological developments is also a factor to limiting creativity in a society. With censorship to sources of information over technologies, a person can, for example, not adequately know how to use that technology in order to generate another technology or even to use the technology to create a new product in the market. Ciecko argued that a high level of censorship is restrictive to â€Å"information flow, creativity and experimentation† (Ciecko 80). The extreme cases of censorships that have been extended to control the content that academic institutions can publish have also been a step that limits research and creativity in these institutions. This can also be extended to cover other research bodies in the country. Due to the censorship, individuals are restricted from conducting a research and creative exercise in their field of interest thus rendering them redundant and discouraged. This can also discourage other people to loose interest in innovative fields. The censorship has therefore made it unsafe and unfavorable to retrieve or share information (Amnesty 1). Conclusion The government of China has since the establishment of internet facilities in the country moved to control the use of the services by its citizens. Such regulations were later supported by enactment of regulations in the years 2000 and 2005 that gave the government authority to directly control the services offered by internet companies. Such regulations have drawn mixed reactions with a number of people and organization protesting against the censorship. A majority of the people have however been influenced by the government to either support the censorship or remain indifferent over it. This level of censorship has been identified to have negative impacts on creativity in the country. Though the censorship might have succeeded in preserving the interest of the government, it is characteri zed by disadvantages that have economical and technological impacts and can, in the long run, lead to a revolution for liberalization. There is a need for the government of China to lessen the restrictive measures it has on the internet industry as it in many ways limits creativity of the people of China. Amnesty. Who is affected by internet censorship? Amnesty, 2008. Web. amnesty.org.au/china/comments/10949/ Ciecko, Anne. Contemporary Asian cinema: popular culture in a global frame. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers, 2006. Print. Enhai, Wang. Internet development in the Chinese mainland. Google Documents, 2003. May 21, 2011. https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=9ved=0CFkQFjAIurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apira.org%2Fdata%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2Fmeeting%2F2003%2FThe-Internet-China.pptrct=jq=history%20of%20internet%20in%20chinaei=_fTVTdH0CMywhAfb6rHJBgusg=AFQjCNFXLPKLuXxP7mA03byZwa5kg05voAcad=rja Feng, Bei. China’s internet censorship system. Human rights in China, 2010. May 21, 2011. hrich ina.org/content/3244 Internet. A guide for parents, teachers and young people. Standard, 2003. coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/internetliteracy/Source/Lit_handbook_3rd_en.swf James, Randy. Chinese internet censorship. Time magazine, 2010. May 21, 2011. time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1885961,00.html MacKinnon, Rebecca. CHINA Race to the Bottom Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2006. Print. New York Times. Internet censorship in china. New York Times, 2011. May 21, 2011. http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/internet_censorship/index.html Zhang, Xiaoling and Zheng, Yongnian. Chinas information and communications technology revolution: social changes and state responses. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 2006. Print.

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business Management - Essay Example The resources that the investor would like to control most are trademarks, patents and management know how that can be used to determine the competitiveness position of the initial holder (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 81). FDI can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal FDI occurs when a company invests in the same trade as it has been dealing with at home (Chen, 2000, pp. 91–95). Vertical FDI has two forms, that is, forward and backward FDI. Forward vertical FDI occurs when a company invests in amenities that will devour the output of the original firm in the home country. The backward vertical FDI takes place where a firm invests in the facilities that provide raw materials or inputs to the home country (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 82). Coca cola has become the largest soft drink firm globally since it was formulated 140 years ago in Georgia United States. Currently, the company has its product in more than 200 countries worldwide serving more than 16 million people. The process of Coca Cola company investment in China started in 1979 after China and United States restored their diplomatic relations. The first Coca cola manufacturing factory was launched in 1981 in Beijing. The process of decision making consists of different stages and decision making along the way. The foremost phase of the process is the consideration for exportation possibility, in which the Coca Cola company managers determined if they can export their product to China. To make this decision the company considers transportation costs and the importation barrier. In case the transportation costs and importation barriers are too high, the Coca Cola Company discards the idea for exporting their product to China. In this notion it is impossible for the Coca Cola Company to export their soft drinks all the way to China, therefore, a different approach is used. The Company may think of joint venture alliances in the China market by

Outlook for International Monetary System Essay

Outlook for International Monetary System - Essay Example The system was designed to ensure a world of full employment and economic growth. Exchange rates are assumed to reveal fundamental supply as well as demand conditions, which, sequentially, ought to be associated with fundamental macroeconomic and other primary factors. Undeniably, the academic literature offers constructive confirmation of the relationship between exchange rates and basics in the long term. Nonetheless, exchange rates frequently diverge considerably from values implied by fundamentals and equality conditions in the short term, even in well-functioning markets (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). The cut off between short-term exchange rate levels as well as macroeconomic basics may make a position for sterilized involvement, which affects the exchange rate mostly through its impact on the prospect, risk premiums, as well as order flow. Especially, sterilized intervention can be used to stop unnecessary exchange rate movements resulting from short-term shocks that do not influence fundamental macroeconomic conditions. For economies experiencing macroeconomic imbalances or structural weaknesses, intervention can assist for the time being effortlessness exchange rate pressures merely if there is a reliable commitment to, and tangible progress on, macroeconomic as well as structural adjustments. A crucial element in international monetary reform is the improvement in the balance of payments adjustment process. There is widespread agreement that this improvement requires more flexible exchange rates than under the Bretton Woods system, and the Jamaica agreement legitimizes flexible rates. Yet there have been objections that greater exchange rate flexibility will be detrimental to the less developed countries, as well as claims that the LDCs have already been injured by the Smithsonian realignment of exchange rates in December 1971, the February 1973 dollar devaluation, and the floating of major currencies thereafter.  Ã‚  

Interpretive explication essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpretive explication - Essay Example He was accused of stealing a deer. Shakespeare worked in London as a bit actor and member of a theatrical company headed by Richard Burbage that presented plays at the Globe and other London theaters. He was also an associate of a jolly group of men whose revels at the Mermaid Tavern were as famous as their escapades. He had a friend in the person of the Earl of Southampton to whom he dedicated his early poems. â€Å"His real dramatic work began when he was twenty-seven and which extended over a period of twenty years. He made an average of two plays yearly, in addition to his poetry. Because his dramas were popular, he made enough money to retire to Stratford-on-Avon† (Cross, Smith & Stauffer, 1931). On May 4, 1597, he bought large dwelling – a pretty house of brick and timber, with a handsome garden – an indication of his growing prosperity. There his wife and children lived, while he buried himself in the London theaters. On April 23, 1616, the anniversary of his birth, William Shakespeare died and was buried on April 25 within the chancel of Trinity Church, as befitting an honored citizen. On August 6, 1623, a few months before the collected edition of Shakespeare’s plays, Anne Shakespeare joined her husband in death (Wright and Lamar, 1967) We shall now endeavor to provide the reader with a brief paraphrase for the above sonnet, giving an interpretation of its fundamental meaning. The poem starts out with a beautiful but melancholy description of Autumn – a season of the falling of yellow leaves – few or none at all. The scene is made more dismal with the absence of the sweet songbirds that have perhaps flown away or perished due to the cold. The poet then addresses the beloved, saying: â€Å"In me, you see the autumn of life, the twilight of day which will soon yield to night. Seeing this, your love is strengthened for one whom you must soon lose (THESIS). We digress at this point to

Effects of Stigma on Schizophrenia Patients

Effects of Stigma on Schizophrenia Patients Stigma and empathy subjected to schizophrenic patients with different levels of symptoms The stigma of mental instability is entrenched as an issue in the society, especially when it refers to schizophrenia, which stands out amongst the most very derided mental issue, not just on the grounds of the conceivably unending and incapacitating course of the ailment but likewise because of an assortment of negative generalizations connected with its analysis. Stigmatization refers to a socially constructed label which includes issues of awareness (obliviousness or misleading information), demeanor (bias), and conduct (discrimination). Populace reviews demonstrate that in spite of expanded attention to the characteristics of schizophrenia and despite the numerous deliberations to lessening stigma, criticizing mentality are still pervasive among the overall population, understudies, specialists, and even administration clients themselves whereby issue conditions are ranged including beliefs of violent and chaotic conduct, and a powerlessness to maintain business or take up respon sibilities. Being perceived as a matter of extraordinary significance, stigma, may slant persons in the overall population to look for social separation from those with schizophrenia. The harmful results of stigma may be significantly more extreme than the troubles emerging from the symptoms of the sickness itself. Moreover, stigma is linked to symptom severity which is the seriousness of deductive changes in physical, psychological, and social performance. Ertugrul and UlugËËÅ"(2004) carried out research which concluded among 60schizophrenia patients, that victims of stigmatization had undergone more severe symptoms and were significantly more disabled than the patients who were not stigmatized. Studies utilizing different strategies propose that stigma may be interfaced to more serious psychopathological symptoms and more awful psychosocial working. Rabkin’s research in 1974, informs that open state of mind towards individuals named rationally sick are influenced by qualities of the treatment circumstance, for example, e. g. site, system or recurrence. More incessant contacts with the mental health awareness framework and more meddlesome routines for treatment typically evoke more negative societal disposition. Henceforth, more elevated amounts of demonization were noted in patien ts right now under doctors supervision and in the individuals who had more past hospitalizations (particularly those with more successive automatic affirmations). Patients with more serious medication reactions were likely to face more stigmatization. Besides, patients with a prior disease onset and those with a more drawn out span of disease may be naturally anticipated that will have been more presented to social dismissal. To enhance mentality towards this criticized schizophrenia group, stereotype-conflicting data and intergroup contact are not enough. This is the place empathy appears to merit more consideration than it has gotten currently. Inducing empathy for a part of a trashed gathering prompts more positive sentiments and consideration toward the gathering. As an issue demonstrated in books, films and documentaries, it is generally simple to impel empathy for a part of a slandered gathering requiring little to no effort and satisfactory circumstance. One can be led to feel empathy for the group simply by sitting comfortably at home. Compassion actuating encounters can be controlled to guarantee that they are certain much more promptly than can live, face-to-face, immediate contact. Empathy might straightforwardly address the focal feeling and assessment parts of the disposition as opposed to depending on surmising from information. empathy has been found to expand esteeming the welfare of the i ndividual for whom compassion is felt and, moreover, this esteeming has been found to persevere through much after the need and resultant empathic sentiments are gone (Batson, Turk, Shaw, Klein, 1995). Moreover, this expanded esteeming sums up to the gathering of which the individual is a part, it may prompt more uplifting disposition. A study by Batson et al. (1991), aimed to investigate how empathy might improve attitudes towards a stigmatized group. However, it had limitations as empathy was restricted to a certain individual and not to the stigmatized group as a whole and within the stigmatized group were found many subgroups such as homosexuals, women, drug addicts, children. Feeling empathy for the children might only be beneficial to that particular subgroup but not to the group as a whole. Moreover, victim responsibility comes into play where the member of the stigmatized group is responsible for his own condition. One may likewise create an opposing reaction to separation from the defamed gathering bringing about diminished empathic emotions and even disparagement or faulting the victimized person. Furthermore, Dinos et al. (2004) reveal that 1 among 3 patients having schizophrenia suffer from anxiety disorder as a result of being stigmatized. Evidence has also proven that schizophrenia stigma leads to a h igher possibility of alcohol and drug intake. Original work by Goffman (1963) and Scheff (1966) slandering process that may take after from being recognized as having a dysfunctional behavior, and various exploration studies have endeavored to exhibit the unfavorable impacts of maladjustment marking. Nunnally (1961), investigated sample of the population by self-reports asking their point of view on mental illness. Cohen and Struening (1962); Taylor and Dear (1981); Yankelovich (1990); Beldon and Russonello (1996) carried a more precise research presenting particular articulations about emotional instability also asked respondents where they remained regarding those announcements. These studies uncovered strikingly negative state of mind to emotional sickness. However, recent studies such as the Parade Magazine survey (1993) demonstrated more positive attitudes where schizophrenic patients were being cared for (Whatley, Philips, Neff and Husaini, Purvis et al., Riskind and Wahl). An germeyer, Matschinger and Corrigans research (2004) has shown that, with developing commonality, the propensity towards considering the ill individual to be unsafe and eccentric was diminishing, and individuals had less fear and social separation was wanted less as often as possible. Different studies by Anagnostopoulos Hantzi (2011), Couture Penn (2003), Phelan Link (2004) have likewise exhibited positive connections between past contact and inspirational demeanor, less fancied social separation and a lessening in stereotypes. This research is being carried out to test the hypotheses formulated. Therefore, taking the previous findings into consideration, it is noticeable that empathy is directly linked to stigma. The expected results are that:as empathy increases, stigma decreases and when stigma levels are high, schizophrenic patients are subjected to a very low level of empathy. Furthermore, a second hypothesis formulated is that as symptoms of the disease become more severe, more stigma is attached to the ill individual as compared to an individual with mild symptoms, which is subjected to much less stigma. The importance of this research is to reduce stigma among schizophrenic patients for them to be more effectively cured, without their treatment being hindered by stereotypes of the society. Reference List: Wahl, O. F. (1999). Mental Health Consumers Experience of Stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 3. Retrieved from  http://schizophreniabulletin. oxfordjournals. org. ezproxy. mdx. ac. uk/content/25/3/467. full. pdf+html Zelst, C. (2009). Stigmatization as an Environmental Risk in Schizophrenia: A User Perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 293–296. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659317/?tool=pmcentrez Sibitz, I., Unger, A., Woppmann, A., Zidek, T., Amering, M. (2011). Stigma Resistance in Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 316–323. Retrieved from http://schizophreniabulletin. oxfordjournals. org/content/37/2/316. full. pdf+html Karidi, M. V., Stefanis, C. N., Theleritis, C., Tzedaki, M., Rabavilas, A. D., Stefanis, N. C. (2010). Perceived social stigma, self-concept, and self-stigmatization of patient  with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 19-30. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com. ezproxy. mdx. ac. uk/science/article/pii/S0010440X09000029 Benov, E. et al. (2013). Stigma of Schizophrenia: Assessing Attitudes among European University Students. Journal of european psychology students, 40-48. Retrieved from http://jeps. efpsa. org/article/view/jeps. bj Switaj, P., Wcià ³rka, J., Smolarska-S witaj, J., Grygiel, P. (2009) Extent and predictors of stigma experienced by patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 24, 513–520. Retrieved from  http://www. sciencedirect. com. ezproxy. mdx. ac. uk/science/article/pii/S0924933809001230 Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Diana, R., Sartorius, N., Leese, M. (2009). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK. Retrieved from http://www. serpsy. org/actua_09/Lancet_2009_global-pattern-experience. pdf Lysaker, P. H., Davis, L. W., Warman, D. M., Strasburger, A., Beattie, N. (2007). Stigma, social function and symptoms in schizophrenia and  schizoaffective disorder: Associations across 6 months. Psychiatry Research, 149, 89–95. Retrieved from http://www. sciencedirect. com. ezproxy. mdx. ac. uk/science/article/pii/S0165178106000795 Ando, S., Clement, S., Barley, E. 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Human Cloning - Individualistic vs. Communitarian :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Human Cloning - Individualistic vs. Communitarian In many controversial topics around the world, we can find differing positions, and opinions. Many of these arguments, can be narrowed down to two different views, or constructs: individualistic and communitarian (an image of collectivism). An individualistic viewpoint "stresses the rights of the individual as a unique being" (class review). A communitarian viewpoint is more concerned with the good for the greatest number, "even if an individual must suffer or sacrifice" (class review). These different elements do not necessarily label the people as opposed to, or in favor of the topic here. They just show where your motivations lie, is your involvement for self fulfillment or for the good of society? Within the contents of this paper, I will analyze the elements of individualism and collectivism that exist in the controversial topic of cloning. When Dr. Ian Wilmut, a 52-year-old embryologist at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh announced on that he had replaced the genetic material of sheep's egg with the DNA from an adult sheep, and created a lamb (Dolly), the topic of cloning "created" many new questions of its own. None were as controversial as: Will they apply this to humans as well? According to Dr. Wilmut, the answer was "there is no reason in principle why you couldn't do it"(clone humans), but he added, "All of us would find that offensive."(Wilmut as quoted by NYTimes, Daniel Callahan, 02/26/97). From an individualistic viewpoint, those in favor of cloning human beings, do not see it as morally, or ethically wrong. Many see it as an opportunity to have children, or possibly to "re-create" a child who is dying from a terminal illness. Using a deterministic argument, many infertile couples are worried that any "government restrictions on human cloning might hurt their chances some day for bearing children through new medical technology" ( Newsday, Thomas Maier, 03/14/1997). In a form of expressive individualism, Tom Buckowski, from Studio City, California said, "It's my body, my choice, right? But what if I want my body cloned and warehoused for spare parts? Upon what basis can government decide what I can or cannot do with my body?"(Los Angeles Times, 3/07/1997). In both examples, the predominant voice is that of the first language of individualism. The first language refers to the "individualistic mode that is the dominant American form of discourse about moral, social, and political matters" (Bellah et al, Habits of the Heart, pg.334). Anita Manning, a writer for USA TODAY revealed another individualistic argument in favor of cloning. In her article "Pressing a "right" to clone humans," Manning interviews a group of gay activists, who see

Competitor Analysis of Dahlie Essay

The two of the main competitors of Darlie in the market are Sensodyne and Colgate. As the world largest producer and manufacturer of toothpaste, Colgate becomes the greatest competitor of Darlie. Colgate has survived in this industry for such a long time and has established its influence among the customers. It has successfully making the customers to have brand loyalty toward Colgate. Besides that, Colgate has different types of toothpaste, which can satisfy different needs of the customers. This has fulfilled the needs and wants of the customers and directly competes with Darlie as the product range of Colgate and Darlie are quite similar. Nowadays, a lot of people are facing different types of teeth problems, such as sensitive teeth, gum disease and tooth decay. Therefore, they tend to buy the toothpaste which can help them to solve their teeth problems. Sensodyne is focusing on solving sensitive teeth problem and is recommended by dentist to be used. It has shaped the brand image of Sensodyne to become professional and high class toothpaste. Therefore, although Darlie also has their own sensitive teeth toothpaste, people still prefer Sensodyne as the look for the brand image. Therefore, Colgate and Sensodyne become two of the main competitors for Darlie in Malaysia toothpaste market. Comparison of Colgate and Its Competitors Darlie Colgate Sensodyne Market share in Malaysia In 2011, Darlie’s market share is 31%. In 2011, Colgate’s market share is 60%. In 2011, Sensodyne’s market share is 5%. Target customer Their target customers are those urban people who are above 18 years old, and pay attention to their oral health. The target customer is mothers with kids who make toothpaste buying decisions for the family and people who care for their oral health. The target customer is the adults from 20 to 60 years old who faced sensitive teeth problem. Promotion Using websites, advertisements and TV commercial to advertise. Having promotions in supermarket. Using website, advertisement, and TV commercial to advertise. Having some promotions by giving free gifts. Colgate School Program: give out free samples to kids and teach kids the way to brush teeth properly. Bright Smile, Bright Future program: promote the importance of oral health through education and prevention. Using websites, various advertisements and TV commercial to attract customers. Promotion through dentist and dental clinic. â€Å"Chill Test† in hypermarket. Price The price range of Colgate is between RM7. 95 to RM10. 60. The most expensive toothpaste is Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief. The cheapest toothpaste is the Colgate Regular tube. The price range of Sensodyne toothpaste is from RM9. Product Having different range and types of toothpaste. For instance, fresh breath, whitening, sensitive teeth and enamel protection. Specializing in the preservation and treatment of oral hygiene. Create an array of 40 different patented toothpastes keeping Colgate competitive. Having 13 different classifications and varieties of Colgate toothpaste. Consists of different types of toothpaste, but mainly focuses on the sensitive teeth issue. Place Almost at all supermarket and mini market. Very convenience to buy it. Almost all super markets and pharmacies carry Colgate Toothpaste. Can sometimes be found in more prominent locations when on sale or launching new products into the market. Distributed indirectly. Available in all hypermarkets, supermarkets and pharmacies, Chinese medical halls and mini markets in Malaysia. Length of time in business Darlie started its business since 1933. It has taken 80 years in the toothpaste industry. Colgate-Palmolive started its business in 1806. It has taken 207 years in the toothpaste industry. GSK produced Sensodyne in 1961. It has taken 52 years in the toothpaste market.

Sample Case Brief Essays

Sample Case Brief Essays Sample Case Brief Paper Sample Case Brief Paper Kathryn Myrick Business Law 1 Professor McDonnell Case Brief A. 5 Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine Inc. , 968 F. 2d 1110 (11th Cir. 1992) FACTS:In 1985 Michael Savage placed an ad in the Soldier of Fortune Magazine (â€Å"SOF†) advertising â€Å"Gun For Hire†. The ad ran from June 1985 to March 1986 generating an average of 30-40 call per week for jobs ranging from murder, kidnapping, assault and other criminal activity. After three previous failed attempts on his business partner Richard Braun’s life by Bruce Gastwirth , he contacted and hired Savage to commit the murder of Braun. Savage along with associates John Moore and Sean Doutre went to Braun’s home to carry out the act shot and killed Braun in front of his sixteen year old son Michael Braun who was also shot and wounded by the assailants. Michael and Ian Braun filed a lawsuit against â€Å"SOF† magazine alleging negligence. ISSUE(S): (1) Did Soldier of Fortune Magazine negligently advertised the ad breaching the duty of care? 2) Did SOF Magazine know of the potential risks by placing the ad in the magazine? (3) Did the ad contribute to the proximate cause of the murder of Richard Braun? HOLDING: The district court’s assertion that the publisher is liable for damages and negligently placed an advertisement that was apparent for substantial danger and potentially harmful to the public. The trial court’s langu age of the advertisement was the proximate cause of Braun’s injuries that he sustained. RULE OF LAW: To prevail in an action for negligence in Georgia a party must establish the following elements: (1) Legal duty to conform to a standard of conduct raised by the law for the protection of others against unreasonable risks of harm. (2) A breach of this standard. (3) A legally attributable causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury (4) Some loss or damage flowing to the Plaintiff’s legally protected interest as a result of the alleged breach of the legal duty. CONCLUSION: The court AFFIRMS the district court’s judgment.

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Marriage & Voyeurism in Rear Window essays All of the characters in Rear Window are described at one point or another in terms of their marital status and in terms of their relationships with the opposite sex. This represents a central theme in the film. The crime on which the plot pivots is the result of a failed marriage. The hero of the film, L.B. Jefferies, tosses the proposal of marriage around throughout the film despite his opposition to commitment. Like other Hitchcock movies, this one gives a gray light to marriage. The viewer sees Jeff's hesitance to get married for no real reason, as well as Thorwald1s miserable marriage to a wife who laughs at him after he brings her dinner in bed with a rose. From the Thorwalds, the institution of marriage looks like entrapment. Even the newlyweds have problems at the end of the movie. The wife says "I wouldn1t have married you if I had known you would quit your job," which seems like the beginning of trouble. Thus, the outlook of marriage is very negative. Examining this theme further, we can look at individual couples and examine the many parallels the film offers. To begin with, there are striking similarities between Jeff and Lisa's relationship and the Thorwalds. However, gender roles are reversed. Lisa and Lars strive for a peaceful and loving relationship with their partner, and are active and mobile. On the other hand, Jeff and Mrs. Thorwald are constant complainers confined to one place. The viewer is forced to question why Jeff and Lisa won1t end up just like the Thornwalds. Despite the parallels, there are differences. When Lisa climbs into Thorwald's apartment we finally see her do something significantly opposed by Jefferies, but this is when he is really turned on by her spunk and spontaneity. It is the turning point of the movie for their relationship. When caught by both Thorwald and the police, she offers a wedding ring on her finger to Jeff1s admiring gaze. She has solved the murder, found the key clue, an...

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Writing As - Assignment Example His theory is based on the simple premise that population growth is more exponential than food growth. As a result, it is necessary to adopt checks that will regulate population control by aligning it with food growth. The similarity between Malthus’ and Smith’s rationales lies in a belief that population regulates itself naturally. Consequently, it is not necessary to employ man-made measures to control population growth. In this regard, Smith reasons that the liberal reward of labor naturally limits population growth while Malthus rejects his proposal of a preventive check and leans towards a positive check (natural population-reducing disasters like famine, poor living and working conditions, conflict, and disease (Ness & Ciment, 2014). In conclusion, it is safe to say that Smith and Malthus subscribe to the Darwinian concept of survival for the fittest and natural population control methods. It is also logical to infer that both authors’ objectives in making their arguments concerning population are the same. What both scholars are insinuating is that population growth is a self-regulating phenomenon that is better left to nature than manipulated using human

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